Nonfiction authors know the importance of citing sources in their work.
But sometimes it can get confusing figuring out how to correctly quote and give credit to your sources within your text without losing your flow of thought.
Fair Use
Under Fair Use law, you can reprint a small amount of text as long as you cite the source and meet certain guidelines.
Webster’s Dictionary Definition:
Fair Use: a legal doctrine that portions of copyrighted materials may be used without permission of the copyright owner provided the use is fair and reasonable, does not substantially impair the value of the materials, and does not curtail the profits reasonably expected by the owner.
The U.S. Copyright office provides this definition of Fair Use:
Fair use is a legal doctrine that promotes freedom of expression by permitting the unlicensed use of copyright-protected works in certain circumstances. Section 107 of the Copyright Act provides the statutory framework for determining whether something is a fair use and identifies certain types of uses—such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research—as examples of activities that may qualify as fair use. Additional information is available from the Copyright.gov website.
Citing Sources
When it comes to citing sources in your manuscript, there are some general style guidelines to follow. If you’re working with a major publisher, ask them for their style guide. They’ll also most likely have a staff proofreader who may be helping you with this aspect.
Scholarly writers, or those in the academic realm, follow specific style guides (APA or MLA are two examples), and while you could certainly pick up an APA or MLA handbook to make sure you’re following citation guidelines as closely as possible, you can also follow some guidelines that are common to pretty much every style guide out there.
If you’re self-publishing, you need to follow your own guidelines, or find a reputable source to use. We recommend Chicago Manual of Style (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html).
Some Basics to Follow:
- Titles of books and reports are typically italicized in in-text citations.
- Put titles of articles in quotation marks.
- Be sure to include the author’s (or authors’) first/last name(s), source title, and publication year.
- If your work is more scholarly in nature, include the page number(s) on which your quoted text appears.
Following are several formatting options. Whichever style you choose, be sure to use it consistently throughout your manuscript.
Option 1: Simple In-Text Citation
With this format, simply state the author and date, or author, publication name and publication date, in parentheses directly after the quote. There are no endnotes for these citations, but we still recommend including a complete list of cited works at the end of your book.
Example:
“If you are not afraid of the voices inside you, you will not fear the critics outside you” (Natalie Goldberg, Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within, 2nd edition, Shambhala 2005).
This can get rather cumbersome, so if your text includes a lot of citations, we recommend option 2:
Option 2: Endnotes
Endnotes, which are sources cited at the end of the chapter or book, are a more efficient way to cite your sources. To utilize this option, place superscripted numbers (in chronological order) after a quote, followed by a Notes page that you’ll put at the end of the book. Here’s an example of how it would appear in the text:
“If you are not afraid of the voices inside you, you will not fear the critics outside you.”1
Then, for each of your sources, insert an entry that will appear in your “Notes” section at the end of the chapter or book. Entries would look similar to those in the in-text version, and at a minimum should include the author, publication name, and publication date.
Make sure the order of the sources on the Notes page follows the order the sources appear in the book.
Here’s a link to some info on creating endnotes: https://penandthepad.com/write-footnotes-report-4834.html
For a more in-depth look at how to cite specific types of publications, visit https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
Citation Machine: Website where you can plug in the book details and it will come up with a citation for you: http://www.citationmachine.net/
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